Certain risk factors for prostate cancer, such as aging or a family history of prostate cancer, can't be changed. But the risk of prostate cancer can be changed by knowing and acting on the factors that can be changed.
Beaumont offers a variety of education and community outreach programs to help men at risk take a proactive role in their own health. Beaumont is one of the most progressive institutions nationally and offers the latest innovative technologies and treatments for prostate cancer.
What is a risk factor?
A risk factor is anything that may increase a person's chance of developing a disease. It may be an activity, such as smoking, diet, family history, or many other things. Different diseases, including cancers, have different risk factors.
Although these factors can increase a person's risk, they do not necessarily cause the disease. Some people with one or more risk factors never develop cancer, while others develop cancer and have no known risk factors.
Knowing your risk factors to any disease can help to guide you into the appropriate actions, including changing behaviors and being clinically monitored for the disease.
What are risk factors for prostate cancer?
In general, all men are at risk for prostate cancer. However, there are specific risk factors that increase the likelihood that certain men will develop the disease, including the following:
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age
Age is a risk factor for prostate cancer, especially men age 50 and older. More than 70 percent of all prostate cancers are diagnosed in men over the age of 65.
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race
Prostate cancer is nearly 60 percent more common among African-American men than it is among Caucasian-American men. Japanese and Chinese men native to their country have the lowest rates of prostate cancer. Interestingly, when Chinese and Japanese men immigrate to the US, they have an increased risk and mortality rate from prostate cancer, when compared to their native populations. In Japan, the incidence of prostate cancer has increased as Western diets and lifestyles have been adopted.
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diet
Epidemiological data suggests that the diet consumed in Western industrialized countries may be one of the most important contributory factors for developing prostate cancer. Consider the following information regarding diet and its effect on the risk for prostate cancer:
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fat
Studies suggest that men who eat a high-fat diet may have a greater chance of developing prostate cancer.
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fiber
Dietary fiber intake may influence circulating levels of testosterone and estradiol, which, in turn, may decrease the progression of prostate cancer.
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soy protein
Besides lower fat intake, another major difference between Asian and American diets is the consumption of soy, averaging 35 g a day per capita. Soy contains isoflavones which, in several studies, have been found to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer.
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vitamin E and selenium
Vitamin E, an antioxidant, combined with selenium, has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in laboratory animals.
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carotenoids
Carotenoids containing lycopenes have been shown to inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells in tissue cultures (cells grown in the laboratory). The primary source of lycopenes is processed tomatoes in tomato juice and tomato paste.
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herbal preparations
Combination herbal preparations should be used with caution as reported side effects have included venous thrombosis, breast tenderness, and loss of libido. Many herbal preparations have not been studied in men with prostate cancer.
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obesity
Obesity not only contributes to diabetes and high cholesterol, but has also been associated with some common cancers, including hormone-dependent tumors such as prostate, breast, and ovarian cancer.
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environmental exposures
Some studies show an increased chance for prostate cancer in men who are farmers, or those exposed to the metal cadmium while making batteries, welding, or electroplating. Additional research is needed in this area to confirm whether this is a true association.
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having a vasectomy, BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), or STD (sexually transmitted disease)
Researchers have looked at whether men who have had a vasectomy, BPH, or those who have been exposed to a sexually transmitted disease are at increased risk for prostate cancer. Some studies suggest a link, while others do not support these claims.
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family history of prostate cancer
Having a father or brother with prostate cancer more than doubles a man's risk of developing this disease. The risk is even higher for men with several affected relatives, particularly if the relatives were young at the time of diagnosis. Geneticists (physicians and scientists who study inheritance and the causes of genetic disease) divide families into three groups, depending upon the number of men with prostate cancer and their ages of onset, including the following:
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sporadic - sporadic means 'occurs by chance'; such as a family with prostate cancer present in one man, at a typical age of onset.
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familial - a family with prostate cancer present in more than one person, but with no definitive pattern of inheritance and usually an older age of onset.
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hereditary - a family with a cluster of three or more affected relatives within any nuclear family (parents and their children), a family with prostate cancer in each of three generations on either the mother or father's side, or a cluster of two relatives affected at a young age (55 or less). Five percent to 10 percent of prostate cancer cases are considered hereditary.
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genetic factors
In the center of each cell of the human body, our genetic material - chromosomes - are found. Normally, cells contain 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs, half of which are inherited from our mother, half from our father. The chromosomes contain the body's blueprint, our genes. Genes code for traits such as eye color and blood type, and also control important regulatory functions in the body such as the rate of cell growth. Some genes, when altered or mutated, give a higher risk for uncontrolled cell growth, which, in turn, can lead to tumor development. These genes have various names, but overall are referred to as "cancer susceptibility genes." Approximately 5 percent to 10 percent of all prostate cancers are known to be attributed to an inherited DNA change, such as the cancer susceptibility gene. Recent research points to findings that suggest there is a set of common DNA variations that lead to a higher risk of inherited prostate cancer in African American men and less than half that percentage in Caucasian men.